论保罗·利科的行动阐释学

On Paul Recoeur’s Hermeneutics of Action

摘要:

阐释学对_“固态_”语言文本的过度重视，使得关于_“活态_”行动的阐释学理论一直处于相对匮乏的地位。保罗·利科的_“行动阐释学_”理论从行动出发，分析了文本行动中_“说明_”与_“理解_”“解释_”的相互渗透。他将批判性渗透到对_“间距_”的阐释中，认为文本一经形成便具有了自身的独立性，文本的行动是一个_“去语境化_”和_“重构语境_”的过程。行动并非由单个行动者构成，而是_“多元行动者_”的协同运作和_“即兴表演_”。人类行动者也并非传统哲学意义上的_“主体_”,而是被行动裹挟却具备部分能动性，并在放弃自我的过程中理解自我。利科的_“行动阐释学_”虽没有完全摆脱_“语言符号_”模态，但他扎根经典阐释学理论，使得_“固态_”的语言文本再度_“活态化_”,并揭示了行动的部分运作机制，孕育了一种新的关于_“行动_”的阐释模式，呼应并一同汇入当代试图变革阐释学理论的潮流之中。当利科的_“行动阐释学_”与当代新兴的行动理论相遇，或许会生成一种更具阐释效力的_“行动阐释学_”理论，并进一步通向一种_“多模态_”的_“事件阐释学_”。

Abstract:

Hermeneutics pays too much attention to the_“solid_”language texts，so that the hermeneutic theory of_“lived_”action has been in a relatively poor position. Paul Ricoeur_’s _“hermeneutics of action_”starts from action，and returns to action through textual mediation. By de-psychologizing the concepts of_“understanding_”and_“interpretation_”and further transforming the meanings of_“understanding_”，_“interpretation_”and _“explanation_”，he analyzes the transformation process of _“textual hermeneutics_”to _“hermeneutics of action_”，and then expounds the mutual penetration of _“explanation_”， _“understanding_”and _“interpretation_”in action of text. Once the text is formed it has its own materiality and objectivity and its meaning needs to surpass the author?s original intention in the later reading and comprehension. It is not only saying something but is also doing concrete things as a practical actor. The intention of the author or the actor cannot play a dominant role in the event，but is merely one of the factors influencing the outcome of the event. Ricoeur penetrates criticalness into the interpretation of_“ distanciation_”，believing that the action of text makes _“distanciation_”into being and it is impossible to return to the previous context. So it is a process of _“decontextualization_” and _“recontextualization_” . Compared with Hans-Georg Gadamer_’s _“practical hermeneutics_”that returns to tradition，Ricoeur_’s _“hermeneutics of action_” is more inclined to criticize tradition，which is a kind of planning and preparing for the future. The _“distanciation_” brought about by the action of the text does not cause the non-objectivity of the interpretation but conditions the understanding and interpretation of the text and the action. Action is not composed of a single actor but the coordinated operation and _“improvisation_”of_“multiple-agent_” . The actors as human beings are not the_“subject_”in the traditional philosophical sense；instead，they are bound by the action with some initiative，understanding themselves in the process of giving up themselves. Ricoeur_’s _“hermeneutics of action_” is a _“downward_” way to return to epistemology in the history of hermeneutics，which undoubtedly reserves space for recritical reflection on hermeneutics itself. Although _“hermeneutics of action_”does not get rid of the_“language / symbol modality_”completely， it is rooted in classical hermeneutics theory making the _“solid_” language text _“relived_” ，and reveals part of the operation mechanism of action. It gives birth to a new interpretation mode of _“action_”，echoing and joining the contemporary trend of trying to change the hermeneutic theory. When Ricoeur_’s _“hermeneutics of action_” meets the contemporary emerging action theory ， it might generate a _“hermeneutics of action_” theory which would have more interpretive efficacy and lead to a multimodal _“event hermeneutics_” in the end.