被埋没的理学字义精妙之作: 程若庸 《增广字训》 新探

A Neo-Confucian Work Yet to Be Rediscovered A New Interpretation of Chen Ruoyong̓ 's Zengguang Zixun

摘要:

因原刻本失传, 被元人赞为 “ 宇宙间精妙之书” 的程若庸 《增广字训》 自明以来一直遭受被埋没、 误解之命运, “ 村塾学究” 发蒙之书成为其固定标签, 故有必要重解之。 就原北平图书馆所藏该书元刻本残卷看, 在文本结构上, 《增广字训》 创造性采用字义与类纂相结合的新形式, 集前贤同类著述之长, 巧妙地完成了概念的精简界定与思想的深入阐发; 就字义思想言, 相较之前同类著述, 该书所收字义最广泛全面, 字义的逻辑性与体系性亦最分明, 且字义构成形式最多元。 尤其值得注意的是, 该书独创 “ 类纂”,精选博收宋代理学诸说, 以 “ 愚谓” 系统深刻地表述了自身的理学见解及对朱子的反思。 因此, 《增广字训》 实现了理学的训蒙普及与理论拓展双重目标, 可谓理学范畴研究深具体系性的大成精深之作, 对理解宋元朱子学的传承发展具有重要意义。

Abstract:

Due to the loss of the original version, Cheng Ruoyong _'s Zengguang Zixun，which was hailed as_“A Masterwork in the Universe_” by scholars of Yuan dynasty， has been buried and misunderstood since the Ming dynasty and used as primer by private school teachers. Therefore， based on the fragmentary version of the original work stored in the former Beiping Library，this article intends to examine the book in terms of its entries ，logical system， the characters and their meanings，as well as the commentary notes of the author，his accepting of Rao Lu _'s ideas and criticizing of Huang Gan，so as to reveal its unique value ，to restore its rightful position in the history of Neo-Confucianism， and to enhance our understanding of Chinese Lexical Semantics and Zhu Xi Studies in the Song-Yuan period. Zengguang Zixun is quite innovative both in its structure arrangement and in the explanation of word meaning. It creatively adopts a new form of compilation ，absorbing the advantages of similar works ，and combining the concise definition of concepts with profound elucidation of ideas. The book has the following characteristics ：an extensive covering of 183 entries making it the most comprehensive collection of word meanings ；its entries being divided into the six categories： creation and change ，feeling and human nature ，learning and ability ，good and evil ，morality and virtue ，and benevolent government， constituting a relatively systematic network of word meaning： the rules for the formation of word meaning being diverse and precise， adopting three methods： recurring polysemy ，derivation based on core words ，and dual comparison of word meanings. The compiling of Zengguang Zixun by category has some distinct characteristics：First，it explains the meaning of a word by providing the source it is _“based on_”，focusing on Zhu Xi _'s view，on the one hand and ，on the other hand，it is willing to accommodate the views of other Song dynasty scholars such as Su Shi and Lu Xiangshan. Secondly， by using _“I think…_”，the compiler explicitly expresses his opinion，for example，on the connections between word meanings and his emphasis on the role of the heart / mind. Thirdly，the compiler contrasts Zhu Xi _'s views with the ideas of Rao Lu，showing his tendency of _“believing in Rao Lu rather than in Zhu Xi_”，and his refuting of Huang Gan _'s views. As a systematic study of Neo-Confucianism this work can be regarded as a concise and condensed history of the categories of the Song Neo-Confucianism. Cheng Ruoyong adopts a comprehensive and innovative approach to its compilation，which not only provides a concise analysis of word meaning in the main text，but also extensively cites various theories of Neo-Confucianism to elucidate the meanings of words and frequently provides the author _'s notes. The compilation thus achieves the dual goals of popularizing Neo-Confucianism and broadening its theoretical vision. In this sense Cheng Ruoyong _'s unique contribution has deepened the research of Neo-Confucianism categories. This interpretation will have great significance in understanding development of Zhu Xi Studies in the Song and Yuan dynasties.