马克思历史哲学的叙事前提———评洛维特 《世界历史与救赎历史》 对马克思的神学解读

The Narrative Premise of Marx 's Philosophy of History—Commenting on Lovett̓s Theological Interpretation of Marx in World History and theHistory of Redemption

摘要:

洛维特将神学视为历史进步意识的前提条件, 将马克思历史哲学同基督教末世论进行同质化理解, 是对马克思历史哲学叙事前提的神学解读。 从维科到黑格尔的近代西方历史哲学本质上致力于以哲学反思历史、 以历史证明神学, 持续发展了孕育于历史神学中的历史进步意识, 最终实现了对历史神正论的彻底完成, 表现出鲜明的神学性质。 马克思历史哲学的叙事前提并非神学, 而是 “ 现实的人” 及其目的性实践。历史的意义不在于真理的 “ 彼岸世界” 之中, 而在于 “ 现实的人” 的生活世界即 “ 此岸世界” 的真理之中。“ 此岸世界” 的真理性源于其构成 “ 彼岸世界” 的历史起点, “ 彼岸世界” 是对 “ 此岸世界” 的理想形象的建构性反映。 世界从现实状态向理想形态的转变过程是历史进步与历史代价的统一, 呈现为 “ 更好的当下历史” 向 “ 当下历史的理想形态” 转化的非线性过程。 这一转变过程得以完成的必然性与可能性在于, “ 现实的人” 及其以改造现实世界为目的的革命性实践。

Abstract:

By criticizing the consciousness of historical progress，Lovett concludes that theology is the prerequisite for the consciousness of historical progress. The internal continuity of the consciousness of historical progress in the development of historical theology to modern philosophy of history provides a theoretical basis for Lovett?s indiscriminate homogeneous understanding of Marx _'s philosophy of history and Christian eschatology， and that is why he concludes that the narrative premise of Marx _'s philosophy of history is also theology. Lovett?s understanding and inference actually imply a misunderstanding of the relationship between Marx _'s philosophy of history and modern Western philosophy of history；therefore，clarifying the narrative premise of Marx _'s philosophy of history should start from clarifying the nature and premise of modern Western philosophy of history. The modern Western philosophy of history from Vico to Hegel generally constitutes a critical development of historical theology， but it has not completely broken away from the discipline of theology and its theoretical development with historical theology as the main theme is essentially committed to philosophical reflection on history and historical proof of theology， and continues to _“develop historical progress consciousness premised on theology _”which is a_“ philosophical theology_” that tries to prove the moral integrity of real history in a transcendental way. Modern Western philosophy of history represented by Hegel is an ultimate completion of historical theology，showing a distinct theological nature，but this theological nature has not extended to Marx _'s philosophy of history. The narrative premise of Marx _'s philosophy of history is not theology，but the_“ real man_” and his purposeful practice. The significance of history does not lie in the _“otherworldly _”truth ，but in the life world of _“real people_”，that is the truth of _“this world _”. The truth of _“this world _”derives from its being the historical starting point of the_“ otherworld_”，which in turn is a constructive reflection of the ideal image of _“this world_” . Historical development is indeed a process of continuous progress， but this progress is not guided by some mysterious force to some ultimate state or to the achievement of some transcendent purpose， and its motivation cannot be attributed to some superhistorical force. The historical development process of human society from the actual form to the ideal form is the dialectical unity of progress and cost which is manifested as a non-linear process of spiraling and wave-like progress. The _“real man_” and his revolutionary practice of reality for the purpose of pursuing the ideal form of existence of history constitute the real driving force and thematic thread of human history from pre-modern society to modern society and finally into future society.