清末 “ 革命道德” 讨论与鲁迅思想的发生

The Discussion of Revolutionary Morality in Late Qing Dynasty and the Development of Lu Xun 's Thoughts

摘要:

鲁迅思想的发生与清末留日知识界有关 “ 革命道德” 话题的讨论密切相关。 这场讨论聚焦革命者的 “ 私德” 问题, 经由 《新民丛报》 与 《民报》、 章太炎与 《新世纪》 的笔战扩大了影响, 鲁迅在东京时期所作的诸篇论文正是诞生在这样的思想语境当中。 对 “ 革命道德” 话题的关注、 思考与回应, 促使鲁迅初步形成了以 “ 立人” 为核心的进德观。 他通过对 “ 人” 的内涵更新与 “ 立” 的方法变革, 构成对儒家“ 立人” 进德观的挑战与现代转化。 鲁迅进德观的落脚点在如何塑造现代人格的问题上, 也融入了借重文艺发扬精神的思路, 形成了审美与道德融合的文学观念。 鲁迅关于 “ 革命道德” 的思考从清末延伸至 “ 道德革命” 的五四时期, 又在 1930 年代新的革命语境下再次被激活, 对 “ 革命者/ 启蒙者” 的道德审视与批判构成了鲁迅思想一以贯之的脉络。

Abstract:

The development of Lu Xun _'s thought was closely related to the discussion of _“revolutionary morality_” in the late Qing dynasty. The discussion focused on the _“private morality_” of revolutionaries， involving the criticism of revolutionary moral chaos，the moral analysis of revolutionary subjects，and the methods of revolutionary moral construction. Lu Xun not only paid attention to the topic of _“revolutionary morality_” in the press and public opinion，but also observed and reflected on the moral image of revolutionaries in the actual situation and his impression of the _“shallow and obscene_” new figures at that time constituted a realistic starting point for him to discuss revolutionary moral issues. Lu Xun _'s attention to the topic of _“revolutionary morality_” is epitomized in his essays written in Tokyo，and its significance is reflected in the following two aspects： First，on the basis of revolutionary moral criticism，Lu Xun initially formed a concept of moral ascension with li ren（helping people stand up） as the core. On the one hand，he attacked new figures and their remarks who disguised their snobbery in the name of civilization，and on the other hand，he explored revolutionary moral ideals and their practical paths. Through the renewal of the connotation of ren（man） and the reform of the method of li（establishing），it constitutes a modern transformation of the Confucian concept of self-cultivation. The transformative nature of Lu Xun _'s liren thought is mainly reflected in two aspects：one is the transformation of the modern meaning of ren from the Confucian man to the_“individual_” in modern philosophical sense；the second is the transformation of the modern method of li from the gradual Confucianism process of_“expanding from oneself to others_” to the shaping of modern subjects that_“respect individuality_” and_“uphold personality_”. Second by engaging in the discussion of_“revolutionary morality_” in the form of literary artistic creation Lu Xun formed his literary concept that integrated aesthetics and morality. Lu Xun _'s _“Mara Poet_”has the dual identity of poet and revolutionary，daring to break away from worldly morality while upholding the purity of his heart. This strong moral intention had a direct impact on the formation of his outlook on literature. On the one hand，Lu Xun absorbed the modern Western view that regards literature as pure and ultra-utilitarian，on the other hand，he still believed in the utilitarian view that literature and art help change the world. And he tried to bridge the difference between the two views. To sum up，the late Qing discussion of_“revolutionary morality_”had a profound impact on Lu Xun _'s thoughts and his literary creation. He continued his thinking on this subject in the May Fourth period and again was reactivated in the new revolutionary context of the 1930s. The moral examination and criticism of _“revolutionary / enlightener_” constituted the consistent thread of Lu Xun _'s thoughts.