论“六笙诗” 与古 《诗》 文本

On the “Six Sheng Poems ” and the Ancient Version of the Book of Songs

摘要:

《诗经》 “六笙诗” 因 “有其义而无其辞”, 引发了古今无数的讨论。 它的篇次莫定, 前后不 合, 难以融入 《诗》 的辞章编排系统。 特别是由它引起 《诗》 文本编排的变更, 所谓由毛公 “推改什首”, 造成了 《诗》 的 “非孔子之旧”, 多与史实不合。 这在出土文献海昏侯 《诗》、 汉 《熹平石经》 与毛 《诗》 互证中得到充分证明, 并在 《诗》 文本的学术源流与汉代 《诗》 学研究中获得有力支持。 “孔子之旧” 就只 有 “三百五篇, 遭秦而全” 的 《诗》 文本, 四家皆无异义。 郑玄相关解说的存亡、 缘由自相矛盾, 反映的 只是其笺 《诗》 所见与注 《礼》 所用乃不同的另一个 《毛诗》 文本。 其中的 “六笙诗” 序, 不过是其时的 《毛诗》 学者将 《乡饮酒》 《燕礼》 中用乐的 《小雅》 的 《南陔》 等 6 篇编排到 《诗》 文本中的新变现象, 而不能说是代表 “孔子之旧” 的古 《诗》 文本。 不包括 “六笙诗”, 才是 “孔子之旧” 三百五篇古 《诗》 文本的实际篇目。

Abstract:

The _“six Sheng poems _”，six poems entitled _“Nan Gai _”，_“Bai Hua _”，_“Hua Shu _”，_“You Geng _”，_“Chong Qiu _”，_“You Yi _” in Xiao Ya of Mao Shi，the Book of Songs annotated by Mao Heng and Mao Chang in the Han Dynasty，were thus named for they are played by Sheng in ritual music performance. These poems were not counted as independent pieces among two groups of poems _“Lu Ming Zhi Shi _” and _“Nan You Jia Yu Zhi Shi _”，for they only have titles with no verses. However，they were counted in the Sui and Tang dynasties when the Book of Songs was referred to as the Book of 311 Poems which was further emphasized by Kong Yingda as the ancient version edited by Confucius. The _“six Sheng poems _” were also numbered by Su Zhe and Zhu Xi in the Song dynasty who in Shi Ji Zhuan changed the arrangement of poems in Mao Shi and renamed the groups of poems. However，they were not numbered in the Han dynasty when the Book of Songs was referred to as the Book of 305 Poems. Thus，the _“six Sheng poems _”have caused much debate from ancient to modern times on whether 311 or 305 poems were included in the ancient version edited by Confucius. Zheng Xuan who made the earliest reference to _“six Sheng poems _” contradicted himself by stating in his annotation to Yi Li that the _{“ ‘}six Sheng poems _’are lost now，with their meaning unknown _” and that poems like _“Nan Gai _”were even lost prior to the editing made by Confucius，and stating in his annotation to the Book of Songs that _“when Confucius commented on the Book of Songs，the poems in Ya and Song were in their proper position and order，and the _‘six Sheng poems _’ were placed properly with both titles and verses present，but they were lost through the Warring States period and the Qin dynasty. _” Such contradiction was explained by Kong Yingda in his answer to Jiong Mo，quoting Zhuang Xuan from Zheng Zhi that “my annotation to Li had already been made before Mao Zhuan came into my possession _”. However，such explanation is not justified for repeated references to Mao Zhuan have been found in our examination of Zheng Xuan _’s annotation to Li. In our examination of the preface to Mao Shi，we have also found that _“six Sheng poems _” can _’t fit the arrangement of poems in the Book of Songs，with their position and order in confusion and contradiction. And in particular，it is historically inaccurate that the change caused by them in the arrangement of poems in the Book of Songs and the subsequent change in the first poem of the ten poem groups made by Mao lead to the reversal of the ancient version edited by Confucius. Our views are fully corroborated by such literature as the version of the Book of Songs unearthed from Haihunhou tomb，Xiping Shijing in the Han dynasty and Mao Shi，and strongly supported by the academic origin and development of the Book of Songs and the studies of the Book of Songs in the Han dynasty. It is a consensus among the four schools of scholars on the Book of Songs that there are 305 poems in the ancient version edited by Confucius and they survive the burning of books ordered by the First Emperor of Qin. The contradiction made by Zheng Xuan in his explanation about the presence or absence of _“six Sheng poems _” as well as its causes is perhaps caused by his use of different versions of Mao Shi when he made his annotation to Yi Li and to the Book of Songs，of which we can get glimpse in his words _“before Mao Zhuan came into my possession _”. The presence of the prefaces to the _“six Sheng poems _” in Mao Shi is only a new phenomenon，only an attempt made by Mao Shi scholars to edit such six pieces as _“Nan Gai _” intended for music in _“Xiang Yin Jiu _” and “Yan Li _” into the Book of Songs. Therefore，the Book of Songs with _“six Sheng poems _” as well as their prefaces cannot be identified as the ancient version edited by Confucius.