俄罗斯人的民族认同 ———以俄罗斯文学的呈现及俄罗斯学者的阐释为检视点

The National Identity of Russians—Viewed from the Presentation of Russian Literature and the Interpretation of Russian Scholars

摘要:

在探讨民族认同方面, 中外学者诸如梁启超、 鲁迅、 玛格丽特·米德和本尼迪克特·安德森等 人的研究为这一问题提供了理论资源, 在研究方法上, 德·利哈乔夫和特蒂安娜·尤赖斯等把文学作为研究 民族自我意识的重要路径, 也为我们通过文学文本及其相关阐释文本研究民族认同问题的研究提供了借鉴。 针对俄罗斯人的民族认同, 深入考察 《往年纪事》、 古代罗斯的文学作品, 以及 18 世纪以来的俄罗斯文学家 特列佳科夫斯基、 康捷米尔、 罗蒙诺索夫、 叶卡捷琳娜二世和赫拉斯科夫等的作品, 可以勾画出俄罗斯人民 族认同的基本面相———种族辨认、 宗教认同和英雄崇拜。 普希金、 丘特切夫、 梅列日科夫斯基、 勃洛克、 阿·托尔斯泰和阿·格列鲍涅夫等文学家, 利哈乔夫、 Ф. Б. 乌斯宾斯基等学者对这些方面做了层累式的 后续增益。 这表明俄罗斯人的民族认同具有比较稳定的形态, 随着时间其在文学中的演进也呈现更为丰厚, 也更为清晰的面貌。

Abstract:

In the discussion of national identity，the research of Chinese and foreign scholars such as Liang Qichao，Lu Xun，Margaret Mead，Benedict Anderson and others provides theoretical resources for this issue. In terms of research methods，Mead blindly emphasizes the importance of anthropology and field observation for the study of national identity，while Tetiana Urys argues that national culture，especially literature，contains valuable potential for nation-state construction，which is a key factor shaping the national identity of individuals and ethnic groups. Regarding the national identity of Russians，an in-depth study of the literary works of ancient Rus，and the works of Russian writers since the 18th century，such as Trediakovskii，Kantemir，Lomonosov，Catherine II （_“the Great _”） and Kheraskov，can outline the basic aspects of Russian national identity-racial identification，religious identity and hero worship. Literary writers such as Pushkin，Tyutchev，Merezhkovsky，Blok，Aleksey Tolstoy and Aleksandr Griboyedov，and scholars such as Likhachev and Fyodor Uspensky made a layered follow-up to these aspects. In the Povest Vremennykh Let （_“The Primary Chronicle _”），the statement that the Rurik royal family of ancient Rus came from overseas Varangians led to different interpretations of Lomonosov and Catherine II in the 18th century. In the1950s，Likhachev first denied that idea and then acquiesced to it，and at the turn of the 21st century，scholars explored the mutual integration between the Varangians and the Rus princes. In terms of religious identity，the Povest Vremennykh Let proposes that Russians are descendants of Japheth. The 16th-century religious figure Filofei wrote to the Tsar suggesting that Moscow was The Third Rome. The 16th-century’s Legend of the Family of Grand Duke Vladimir popularized the theory of “Moscow-Third Rome” with fictional literary images. In the 18th century，Lomonosov _’s Ode on the Seizure of Khotin claimed that Russians are God’s chosen people. Pushkin and Tyutchev extended this as a poetic imagination of the vast space of the empire. The film script Vizit vezhlivosti （_“Courtesy Visit _”） in the 1970s expressed the messianic consciousness in the _“Moscow-Third Rome _” theory. In terms of hero worship，the 13th-century _’s Biography of Alexander Nevsky，Dmitriy Donskoy in the 14th-century _’s The Defeat of Mamai，Ivan the Terrible in Kheraskov _’s Russian Epic，Peter I in 18th-century poetry，and A. Tolstoy _’s Pyotr I in the 20th century construct and strengthen the heroic genealogy of Russian national identity. This shows that the national identity of Russians has a relatively stable form，and has taken on a richer and clearer picture over time.