包容性选举及其在当代中国的探索

Inclusive Election and Its Practice in Contemporary China

摘要:

任何选举都有竞争, 但是以竞争为中心的竞争性选举, 并不是民主的全部, 民主还必须是包容 的。 竞争性选举可以通过制度设计使其具有一定程度的包容性, 但是对竞争的强调更有可能导致社会的分裂。 包容性选举以包容为中心来容纳竞争, 注重民主的治理效能, 加强社会团结。 当代中国的民主政治实践, 非常 接近于包容性选举的要求, 主要体现在超额代表权、 开放提名权、 全额连记投票法和协商候选人等方面。

Abstract:

Election has been the most important institution of democracy since modernization. People may say that there would be no democracy without election. No doubt all elections involve some kinds of competition. However，competition is not all for democracy，which must be inclusive. The competitive election cannot guarantee the best outcome. Moreover，unlimited competitions among the candidates will possibly lead to some social divisions and crisis of democracy. In practice，the heavy pressure of competition drives the political figures to pay more attention to the campaigns and less to the governance. To avoid those defects，we need to emphasize the importance of inclusion in the elections. Surely，the competitive election can be more inclusive through institutional design，such as adopting rules that help the minority get more chances to win，but this cannot solve the problems completely. We need a kind of inclusive election that prioritizes inclusion. The inclusive election in favor of social solidarity emphasizes both democracy and good governance. In fact，the inclusive election will not exclude any competition at all；on the contrary，by designing some inclusive institutions，it tries to combine inclusion with competition，and avoid the political chaos from the campaigns. Firstly，the isolation of the interest of the voters from the candidates is necessary. Secondary，The inclusive election claims to a disproportionate representative for the minority. Thirdly，candidates who can promote solidarity among the citizens would have more chances to win according to the election rules. To the inclusive election，democracy seems to be a holistic process instead of a single vote. In the process of the inclusive election，the meaning of majority will change constantly，which need to be recognized by some institutions. The democracy practice in contemporary China is very close to an inclusive election，as is shown by the excessive representative for the minority，the openly nomination，the bloc vote and the deliberative democracy. In contemporary China，competition is also very important to election and the reforms of election have been trying to make the election more competitive，which means that competition and inclusion could be combined together in election in contemporary China. The purpose of election is not only to choose the competent leaders，but also to realize a good governance and promote solidarity. In constructing socialist democracy with Chinese characteristics，we have tried to create a kind of inclusive election. The reform of election will pay more attention to optimizing its inclusiveness in the future，for example，to make the process of deliberation more institutionalized.