抽签式选举: 中国古代各民族的实践模式及其理论价值

Selection by Drawing Lots：Practical Models and Theoretic Values of Ancient Chinese Peoples

摘要:

在代议民主体制的实践结果与原初价值之间出现脱节现象的背景下, 为了疗救民主体制, 理论 界围绕着抽签与选举的争论形成了两大阵营。 而论战双方的一个共同点就是将抽签与选举视为相互替代的工 具。 结合抽签与选举的相关理论与实践, 在将选举视为一个挑选过程、 抽签作为挑选工具的背景下, 以选民 和候选人的关系为标准, 可以区分出四种抽签制度的理想类型。 结合前期研究的成果可以发现, 这四种类型 的抽签模式在中国古代各民族中都有过实践。 理解中国古代各民族的抽签实践, 既可以在理论上扩展抽签研 究的范围, 也对当代民主实践有重要启示意义。

Abstract:

The disjunction between the consequences and the original values of contemporary representative democracy has triggered the question of territory electoral theory. As a new challenger of the traditional electoral theory，the representative non-electoral theory becomes an important branch of constructionism in contemporary political representative theory. Thus，drawing lots as a practical tool of non-electoral representative theory has been admired by many scholars，and the debate between drawing lots and election has become a focus at the frontier of contemporary democratic theory. But a common point behind the debate is that both camps treat lot-drawing and election as mutual exclusive tools，and the reason is that they tightly equal the election as voting. In fact，drawing lots is really a selection process as election，and election does not necessary depends on voting. If we treat election as a process of selection among candidates for a certain position，we can logically distinguish two basic types of election，that is election through drawing lots and election by voting. Then based on the standard of relationships between voters and candidates，we can subdivide the election through drawing lots into four types. Type one is the whole people selecting a certain number of members from the whole people，which is similar to the classical direct democracy. Type two is the whole people selecting a part of members among a part of the people （a group of candidates previously selected among the whole people），a similar model of the indirect democracy. The third model is a part of people selecting a part of members from the whole people，i.e.，part selecting part，a hybrid regime type. The fourth one is a part of people selecting a group of members from the whole people，which is similar to an elite regime. The ancient Chinese peoples had practiced all four types of election by drawing lots. They had also practiced different types of mixed models. Moreover，they had practiced the mixed models that combined election through lot-drawing with election by voting. A careful study of these models has practical implications. It could help us better understand traditional Chinse politics，extend research in this field，and enrich the contemporary democratic theory and practice. This article also shows that election by drawing lots，paralleled to election by voting，could be used in direct and indirect democracies，as well as in other political systems. But the adoption of election by lot-drawing is limited by the population size，and it also needs to be used together with other tools，with a set of supporting measures and institutional guarantee.