“带了镣铐的进军”:“且介亭杂文” 的生成与艺术特征

Marching in Shackles: The Creation and Artistic Characteristics of Qiejieting Zawen (Essays from Demi-Concession Studio)

摘要:

鲁迅以 “且介亭杂文” 命名自己 1934—1936 年间的杂文, 强调此间写作与 “周围的情形” 的密切关联。 鲁迅用 “且介亭” 为题强调半租界的环境, 不仅强调地理位置和文化环境上的杂糅与交叉, 更强调资本市场与专制政府的合谋, 尤其是其联手对革命文学进行的压制。 在这样的压迫下, 鲁迅的反抗 也就具有了更明确的针对性和具体性。 如何在 “且介亭” 中想方设法写出诗史般的杂文并使之与读者见 面, 如何 “带着镣铐进军” , 是鲁迅彼时最重要的任务。 换句话说, “且介亭杂文” 本身就是鲁迅在这一 阶段反抗和突破文网的成果, 它们既是 “且介亭” 处境的体现, 也是这一处境的产物, 因而独具一种特 殊的历史意义与艺术特征。 “且介亭杂文” 一方面是 “含胡” 的, 以迂回、 智慧的斗争方式面对审查; 另 一方面, 鲁迅在杂文和 《故事新编》 里都使用了借古论今的方式, 取道历史而批判现实, 这也成为其后 期杂文的重要特征之一。

Abstract:

Lu Xun gave the name Qiejieting Zawen (Essays from Demi-Concession Studio) to his satiric writings between 1934 and 1936，emphasizing the close connection between these essays and his living environment during this period. He wrote extensively about the state of the publishing industry in Shanghai，especially how the Central Propaganda Department of the Kuomintang joined forces with publishers in a vile and cruel_"siege_"of progressive literature and art. He repeatedly used the words _"marching in shackle_" and _"dancing in chains_" to describe his situation，saying that he wrote to resist oppression and overcome discouragement，by _"taking snapshots_" of _"such a place_" at_"such a time_"，thus leaving behind _"a glimpse of the times_". Lu Xun coined the word “qiejie” (demi-concession) by dissecting the two characters of “zujie” (meaning _"concession_"，a word referring to the property granted to foreign organizations) to describe the geographical and cultural environments of Shanghai where he living and writing，and where the capitalist market and the authoritarian Kuomintang government conspired to suppress revolutionary literature. In this background，Lu Xun_’s resistance also took on a clearer focus and specificity. He strongly rebuked the right-wing rule of the Kuomintang，resisted the oppression of colonialism and the capital forces，and exposed the opportunistic elements within the intellectual community of his day. The most important task of Lu Xun at that time was how to write satiric essays in that environment for his readers，in his words，how to _"march forward in shackles_". In this sense，Qiejieting Zawen，or Essays from Demi-Concession Studio，was both a reflection of Lu Xun_’s living environment and a result of it. On the other hand，these essays may sound an ambiguous tone; on the other，just as in his Gushi xinbian (Old Tales Retold)，Lu Xun often voiced his criticism on what was happening in his day by borrowing from or alluding to ancient events，forming an important characteristic of his critical essays in the last years of his life.