古希腊青铜时代晚期彩绘棺画图像体系研究

A Study on the Coffin Painting System in the Late Bronze Age of Greece

摘要:

古希腊青铜时代晚期彩绘棺画包括彩绘石棺画与彩绘陶棺画, 其生成时间在公元前 1400 年 到前 1200 年, 分布区域主要为克里特和希腊本土。 上述两地出土彩绘石棺和陶棺约 400 具, 其形状有箱 状与浴缸状。 现存克里特和希腊本土的多数彩绘陶棺由粗糙的厚黏土制成, 其颜色与陶瓶相同, 主色是红 色或黑色, 底色是黄褐色。 彩绘棺画描绘的场景由人物、 双面斧、 太阳盘、 格里芬, 棕榈树、 纸莎草, 章 鱼、 波浪线等符号构成, 具有明显的二元并立特征, 即陆地图景与海洋图景并立, 乐园图景与海洋图景并 立。 这种二元并立的图像结构反映了古希腊人关于彼世的认知: 亡灵旅行的最终目的地是太阳之地, 它要 不断追寻太阳的脚步, 历经艰难才能抵达海底的西方乐园。 因此能够断言, 古希腊青铜时代晚期彩绘棺画 图像体系本质上是以彼世为中心的神话体系, 具有明显的海洋文化特征, 是青铜时代晚期地中海宗教共同 体的一个组成部分。

Abstract:

The coffin paintings in the Late Bronze Age of Greece include paintings of larnakes and the sarcophagus, which were generated in the 1400 - 1200 BC, and mainly distributed in Crete and the Greek Mainland. 400 painted larnakes and sarcophagus were unearthed in Crete and the Greek Mainland, in the shape of chest box and bathtub. Most surviving larnakes of Crete and Greek Mainland of the Later Bronze Age are made of rough thick clay painted in the colors of vases, red or black on a buff ground. The landscape of painted larnakes and sarcophagus is constructed by figures, double axes, sun disks, griffins, palms, papyrus, as well as octopuses, wavy lines and other symbols ,with obvious dualistic juxtaposition ,that is ,the juxtaposition of the landscapes of land world and the sea world ,the juxtaposition of landscapes of heaven and the ocean. This dualistic pictorial structure reflects the ancient Greek concept of the afterlife: The ultimate goal of the journey of the dead was the arrival at the land of the sun, and the soul chased the sun and arrived at the western precious garden flooded by light under the sea?s surface. Therefore, it can be asserted that iconographic system of the coffin paintings in ancient Greece is essentially a mythological system centered on the paradise, which has distinct maritime cultural characteristics and is an integral part of the Mediterranean religious koine of the Bronze Age.