“道德镜鉴” 与 “帝国荣光”:汉画 “武王伐纣” 与古罗马战争壁画比较研究

"The Moral Mirror" and "The Glory of the Empire": A Comparative Study of the Han Picture "King Wu of Zhou Defeating King Zhou of Shang" and the Ancient Roman War Frescoes

摘要:

临沂吴白庄汉墓是山东地区东汉晚期画像石的代表, 其中室南壁东门楣上的图像曾被前人识别 为 “行刑图”。 通过图像分析及与考古出土实物的对比, 该图应是分别描绘了帝辛阅简、 好勇征伐、 比干死 谏、 沉湎于酒以及武王率领胡汉士兵伐纣五个场景, 故将之定名为 “武王伐纣图” 更加贴切。 此图系近年 汉画故事之新品种, 表现了汉人 “恶以诫世, 善以示后” 的道德劝诫意图, 传递出 “商周易代” 的合法 性。 同时, 作为 “道德镜鉴” 的武王伐纣图像, 与古罗马战争题材壁画传递的帝王崇拜和英雄主义有着 鲜明的区别。

Abstract:

The Han tomb in Wubai village, Linyi of today_' s Shangdong is a representative of sculptured stone tomb in late Eastern Han dynasty. The image on the lintel of the east gate on the south wall of middle chamber used to be identified as an executing scene. Through image analysis and comparison with the archaeological objects, this picture depicts the following five scenes: Emperor Xin reading bamboo slip, enjoying violence and war, Bigan_' s remonstrance at the risk of his life, indulgence in drinking ,and King Wu leading Hu and Han soldiers to attack King Zhou. Therefore, it is more appropriate to name this image as _"King Wu of Zhou Defeating King Zhou of Shang_" . This image is a new variety of Han_' pictorial stories discovered in recent years, conveying the moral exhortation of _"immoral behavior is a warning to the world, and good behavior is a model to the future_" in Han dynasty ,and demonstrating the legitimacy of the transition of power from Shang to Zhou. At the same time as a _"moral mirror _",the image of King Wu Defeating King Zhou is distinctly different from the emperor worship and idealism conveyed by ancient Roman war-themed frescoes.