评正义理论的能力进路

On the Capabilities Approach of Justice Theory

摘要:

在当代政治哲学的分配正义理论中, 阿玛蒂亚·森和玛莎·努斯鲍姆从经验视角提出并论证了 能力进路。 森提出需要超越罗尔斯的正义理论的制度安排, 研究人的功能和可行能力的现实条件对于正义分 配的意义。 他聚焦于人们实现合理目的的机会和实质性自由, 选择不同类型的生活的能力, 而非最终选择结 果, 由此反映人们在各自拥有的优势上的明显差别, 认识一个人的真正弱势, 从而进行相应的政治和道德评 价。 努斯鲍姆的能力正义理论从多元论的角度论证了可普遍衡量的能力标准, 列举并详细论述了人的核心能 力清单, 强调这种能力进路立足于人是目的、 人的尊严和实质自由的理论基础, 并将此理论扩展到全球正义 和非人类的动物领域, 开拓了正义理论的新论域。

Abstract:

From empirical perspectives，Amartya Sen and Martha Nussbaum put forward and argue for the capabilities approach of distributive justice theory in contemporary political philosophy.Sen points out the need to surpass institutional arrangements of John Rawls_' theory of justice，to study the significance of realistic conditions of human functions and feasible capabilities to distributive justice.He focuses on the opportunity and essential freedom for human beings to realize their reasonable aims，capabilities to choose difference kinds of life rather than ultimate consequence，which reflects evident differences of advantages that people have.Realizing a person_'s real disadvantages helps to make relevant political and moral valuations.In her theory of capabilities justice，Nussbaum argues for universally measurable criteria for capabilities，enumerates and specifies a list of core capabilities from a pluralistic perspective，and emphasizes that the capabilities approach is established on theoretical foundations of human being as end，of human dignities and essential freedom.She also extends the theory to global justice and nonhuman animals，thus expanding realms of justice theories.