为风险刑法理论辩护

Defending the Theory of Risk Criminal Law

摘要:

风险刑法理论虽然已为立法部门所认可, 但在学界却受到广泛批评。 究其原因, 既在于批评者 对于风险刑法理论的渊源———风险社会理论存在诸多误解, 也与风险刑法理论的体系建构未臻成熟有关。 风 险社会理论的关键词是 “风险”, 这一概念与刑法中的 “危险” 具有同质性, 故而决定了风险社会理论与刑 法理论嫁接的可行性。 风险刑法的基本范式是: 刑法的干预点不是行为对法益的现实侵害 (结果), 而是对 法益的可能侵害 (危险)。 这将导致刑法的规制功能和调控范围的双重扩张。 为避免刑罚的负面效应, 有必 要预防风险刑法自身的 “风险”, 对行为的风险量度进行精准评价, 从而决定应否犯罪化以及配置相当的刑 量。 风险刑法仅是对传统刑法的补充, 而不是将其完全替代, 二者共存一体将是现代刑法的共通现象。

Abstract:

Though risk criminal law theory is recognized by the legislature, it is widely criticized in the academic circle. The reason lies not only in the critics? misunderstanding of the theory of risk society, which is the origin of the theory of risk criminal law ,but also related to the immaturity of the construction of risk criminal law theory. The key word of risk society theory is _"risk_", which is identical to _"danger_" in criminal law, so it determines the feasibility of grafting risk society theory and criminal law theory. Therefore, the basic paradigm of risk criminal law is that the intervention point of criminal law is not the actual violation of legal (interest), result but the possible violation of legal interest (danger) ,which will lead to both expansion of the function and regulatory scope of the criminal law. To avoid the negative effects of the penalty by risk criminal law ,it is necessary to prevent the_"risk _"of its own ,and to precisely measure and evaluate the risk of behavior, so as to decide whether it should be criminalized and allocated a corresponding penalty. Risk criminal law is only a supplement to classical criminal law, rather than a complete replacement. Thus, the coexistence of the two patterns will be a common phenomenon in modern criminal law.