晚明诗学中的主体质素论述及其演生过程 ———从李贽的 “二十分识” 到公安派的尚趣重学

The Subjectivity of Late Ming Poetics and Its Evolution Process —From Li Zhi's Twenty Recognition to the School of Gong-an's Advocating Interest and Emphasizing Learning

摘要:

从童心说到性灵说, 文人主体性规定发生了深刻变化。 李贽的 “才胆识” 三要素说重视写作 主体的独立识见与批判能力, 而袁中道以李贽三要素说为基础, 把袁宏道万历二十五年的唯趣说和万历二十 七年以后重学问的倾向加以整合, 归纳出了性灵主体的 “识才学胆趣” 五要素, 形成了以 “尚趣” 和 “重 学” 为特色的新论述。 “尚趣” 是袁宏道漫游吴越时从自然山水中获致的生命体验, “重学” 是其任职北京 时从宋人别集和禅学实践中生成的诗学经验。 把尚趣与重学的倾向统一起来, 赋予性灵主体以崭新意义, 这 是公安派对性灵诗学的重要拓展, 也展现了此期诗学演进的深层逻辑。

Abstract:

From the theory of childlike innocence to the theory of spirit profound changes have taken place in the stipulation of the subjectivity of literati. Li Zhi _'s three-element theory of talent ,courage and knowledge attaches great importance to the independent perception and critical ability of the writing subject. Yuan Zhongdao _'s theory ,based on Li Zhi _'s theory of the three elements combines theory of interest Yuan Hongdao put forward in the 25th year of Wanli with the tendency to emphasize learning after the 27th year of Wanli, and by integrating the five elements of the spiritual subjects, that is ,knowledge, talent, learning, courage and interest, it forms a new discussion characterized by advocating interest and emphasizing learning. Advocating interest derives from Yuan Hongdao _'s life experience with the natural landscape when he wandered Wu-Yue, and emphasizing learning is his poetic experience generated from the collection of Song people and the practice of Zen when he worked in Beijing. Unifying the tendency of advocating interest and emphasizing learning to endow the spiritual subject with a new meaning is the School of Gong-an?s important development of the theory of spirit poetics, showing the evolution of poetics in this period.